Επεξεργασία Ζώνες Fresnel

[[Image:FrenselSVG.svg|thumb|500px|Fresnel zone. d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, b is the radius of the Fresnel zone.]]
In [[optics]] and [[radio]] [[telecommunication|communications]], a '''Fresnel zone''' (pronounced ''FRA-nel Zone''), named for physicist [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]], is one of a (theoretically infinite) number of concentric [[ellipsoid]]s of revolution which define volumes in the [[radiation pattern]] of a (usually) circular [[aperture (antenna)|aperture]]. Fresnel zones result from [[diffraction]] by the circular aperture.<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-016/_2398.htm
  |title=definition: Fresnel zone
}}</ref>

The cross section of the first Fresnel zone is [[circular]]. Subsequent Fresnel zones are [[Annulus|annular]] in [[cross section]], and [[concentric]] with the first. 

To maximize receiver strength, one needs to minimize the effect of the out of phase signals by removing obstacles from the RF [[Line of Sight]] (RF LoS). The strongest signals are on the direct line between transmitter and receiver and always lie in the 1st Fresnel Zone.

==Fresnel zones==
If unobstructed, radio waves will travel in a straight line from the transmitter to the receiver. But if there are obstacles near the path, the radio waves reflecting off those objects may arrive out of phase with the signals that travel directly and reduce the power of the received signal.  On the other hand, the reflection can enhance the power of the received signal if the reflection and the direct signals arrive in phase.  Sometimes this results in the counterintuitive finding that reducing the height of an antenna increases the S+N/N ratio. 

Fresnel provided a means to calculate where the zones are where obstacles will cause mostly in phase and mostly out of phase reflections between the transmitter and the receiver.  Obstacles in the first Fresnel will create signals that will be 0 to 90 degrees out of phase, in the second zone they will be 90 to 270 degrees out of phase, in third zone, they will be 270 to 450 degrees out of phase and so on.  Odd numbered zones are constructive and even numbered zones are destructive.<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fresnel.htm
  |title=Wireless - Fresnel Zones and their Effect or why Line of Sight is not Enough
}}</ref>

==Determining Fresnel zone clearance==
[[Image:Fresnel zone disrupted.png|thumb|300px|Several examples of how the Fresnel zone can be disrupted.]]
The concept of Fresnel zone clearance may be used to analyze [[interference]] by obstacles near the path of a radio beam. The first zone must be kept largely free from obstructions to avoid interfering with the radio reception. However, some obstruction of the Fresnel zones can often be tolerated, as a [[rule of thumb]] the maximum obstruction allowable is 40%, but the recommended obstruction is 20% or less.

For establishing Fresnel zones, first determine the RF Line of Sight (RF LoS), which in simple terms is a straight line between the transmitting and receiving antennas.  Now the zone surrounding the RF LoS is said to be the Fresnel zone.<ref>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.softwright.com/faq/engineering/Fresnel%20Zone%20Clearance.html
  |title=Fresnel Zone Clearance
}}</ref>

The general equation for calculating the Fresnel zone radius at any point P in the middle of the link is the following:

:<math>F_n = \sqrt{\frac{n \lambda d_1 d_2}{d_1 + d_2}} </math>

where,

F<sub>n</sub> = The nth Fresnel Zone radius in metres

d<sub>1</sub> = The distance of P from one end in metres

d<sub>2</sub> = The distance of P from the other end in metres

<math>\lambda</math> = The wavelength of the transmitted signal in metres


The cross section radius of the first Fresnel zone is the highest in the center of the RF LoS which can be calculated as:

:<math>r = 72.05  \sqrt{{D} \over {4 f}}</math>

where
* ''r'' = [[radius]] in feet
* ''D'' =  total distance in [[Mile|miles]]
* ''f'' = frequency transmitted in [[Gigahertz]].


Or even:

:<math>r = 17.32  \sqrt{{D} \over {4 f}}</math>

where
* ''r'' = radius in metres
* ''D'' =  total distance in [[kilometres]]
* ''f'' = frequency transmitted in gigahertz.

==See also==
* [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]]
* [[Diversity scheme]]
* [[Fresnel integral]]
* [[Fresnel number]]
* [[Fresnel diffraction]]
* [[Microwave]]
* [[Rain fade]]
* [[Weissberger's Model]]
* [[Zone plate]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://wisp-router.com/calculators/fresnel.php FEN Fresnel Zone Calculator]
*[http://www.maxstream.net/support/knowledgebase/article.php?kb=90 More Fresnel Zone Details]
*[http://www.searchanddiscovery.net/documents/geophysical/sheriff/index.htm R.E. Sherriff, Understanding the Fresnel zone]
*[http://www.tapr.org/ve3jf.dcc97.html VHF/UHF/Microwave Radio Propagation: A Primer for Digital Experimenters]